Special Topic – Ecosystem Restoration
Page 2 – Drivers of Ecosystem Degradation
28 February 2026 | English Edition
1️⃣ Understanding Ecosystem Degradation
Ecosystem degradation refers to the decline in ecosystem quality and functionality due to natural and anthropogenic pressures. It results in loss of biodiversity, reduced productivity, and weakened climate resilience.
According to global assessments, nearly 30% of land area worldwide is degraded, directly affecting food security and livelihoods.
2️⃣ Major Drivers of Degradation
🌲 (A) Deforestation & Land Use Change
- Conversion of forests into agriculture or urban land
- Mining and infrastructure expansion
- Loss of carbon sinks
🏭 (B) Industrial & Urban Pollution
- Air pollution affecting forests
- Water pollution damaging aquatic ecosystems
- Soil contamination through chemicals
🌾 (C) Unsustainable Agricultural Practices
- Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
- Monocropping
- Groundwater over-extraction
(D) Climate Change
- Temperature rise altering habitats
- Extreme weather events
- Glacier melting & sea level rise
3️⃣ Indian Context
India faces land degradation in several states due to desertification, soil erosion, and deforestation. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka are highly vulnerable.
Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have intensified ecosystem stress in coastal and riverine regions.
Exam Link: Desertification, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), SDG 15.
🔍 Analytical Insight (GS Paper 3 Perspective)
Ecosystem degradation is not merely an environmental issue but a developmental challenge. It affects agriculture productivity, water availability, disaster vulnerability, and economic growth.
Restoration policies must integrate climate adaptation, sustainable agriculture, and green infrastructure planning.
Environmental Special Topic | Page 2 | Advanced Edition
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